Arquitectura genética y neurobiológica de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo: una revisión integrativa de TDAH, TEA y discapacidad intelectual

Carlos Rodrigo Mesta Ventura; Franklin, Gómez Canicela

doi:10.61286/e-rms.v4i.371

Autores/as

Carlos Rodrigo Mesta Ventura Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-0424
Franklin, Gómez Canicela Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-0131

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61286/e-rms.v4i.371

Palabras clave:

trastornos del neurodesarrollo, trastorno del espectro autista, TDAH, discapacidad intelectual, redes neuronales

Resumen

Los trastornos del neurodesarrollo constituyen condiciones heterogéneas caracterizadas por alteraciones tempranas del desarrollo cerebral, entre las que destacan el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH), el trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), y la discapacidad intelectual. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue integrar los principales avances genéticos y neurobiológicos asociados a estos trastornos, con el fin de ofrecer una visión actualizada de sus mecanismos etiológicos. Para ello, se realizó una revisión narrativa no sistemática de la literatura científica publicada entre los años 2000 y enero de 2026, empleando bases de datos especializadas como PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PyscINFO y ScienceDirect, con búsquedas complementarias en Google Scholar. La evidencia disponible muestra que estos trastornos presentan una arquitectura etiológica compleja, caracterizada por la interacción de factores genéticos, epigenéticos, neurobiológicos y ambientales que afectan procesos fundamentales del neurodesarrollo, tales como la sinaptogénesis, la plasticidad neuronal y la organización funcional de las redes cerebrales. En conjunto, los hallazgos revisados sugieren que la comprensión de estos trastornos requiere un enfoque integrador que articule los aportes de la genética, la neurobiología y la neuropsicología, lo que permite fortalecer el desarrollo de intervenciones profesionales basadas en evidencia.

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